Optical fiber can be divided into single mode fiber and multimode fiber according to the light transmission mode in optical fiber.

The core diameter of the multimode fiber is 50~62.5μm and its outside diameter of the package layer is 125μm. The core diameter of the single mode fiber is 8.3μm and its outside diameter of the package layer is 125μm. The operating wavelength of the optical fiber includes 0.85μm short wave, 1.31μm and 1.55μm long wave. Generally, fiber loss is inversely proportional to the wavelength, the minimum optical fiber lose on 0.85μm short wave is 2.5dB/km; on 1.31μm long wave is 0.35dB/km and on 1.55μm long wave is 0.20dB/km. But the loss tends to increase on waves longer than 1.65μm. Due to the absorption of OHˉ, there are loss of peak between 0.90~1.30μm and 1.34~1.52μm, that’s why we didn’t make full use of these two ranges. From the 80s, we tend to use single mode fiber with long wavelength of 1.31μm.

(1) The multimode fiber

The multimode fiber has thick central glass core (50 or 62.5μm) which permits various light transmission modes, but the intermodal dispersion is large so that it has limitation on the digital signal transmission frequency and the intermodal dispersion is getting worse along with the increase of transmission distance. For example, 600 MB/KM optical fiber remains only 300 MB at distance of 2 KM. Thus, the transmission distance of multimode fiber is only several kilo meter.

(2) The single mode fiber
The single mode fiber has thin core central glass core (9 or 10μm) which supports only one light transmission mode, the intermodal dispersion is so small that it is good for long distance communication. But the material dispersion and waveguide dispersion in the single make the single mode fiber having higher demand to spectral width and stability of the light source, i.e. narrow spectral width and good stability. It was found that the material dispersion and waveguide dispersion on 1.31μm wave length has exactly equal size amount and one is positive while another one is negative, it means the material dispersion and waveguide dispersion of the single mode fiber is zero on wave length of 1.31μm. From the perspective of the loss characteristics of optical fiber, 1.31μm wave length is just a low loss windows of optical fiber. In this way, 1.31 μm wavelength region becomes a very ideal job window of optical fiber communication and now it is the main working band of practical optical fiber communication system. The main parameters of the 1.31μm conventional single mode fiber was confirmed by the international telecommunication union ITU-T G652 advice, so this kind of fiber is also called G652 fiber.

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